The amount of overall materiality for the audit based on the preliminary amounts is $150,000. This is calculated by taking the average of the IBT for the first two quarters ($1,200,000 + $1,500,000) divided by 2.
Then applying the percentage changes for the subsequent quarters (10% decline in the 3rd quarter and 25% increase in the 4th quarter). To determine the overall materiality, we start by calculating the average IBT for the first two quarters: (1,200,000 + 1,500,000) / 2 = 1,350,000.
Next, we apply the 10% decline in the 3rd quarter: 1,350,000 - (1,350,000 * 10%) = 1,215,000.
Then, we apply the 25% increase in the 4th quarter: 1,215,000 + (1,215,000 * 25%) = 1,518,750.
Finally, we round the result to the nearest thousand to obtain the overall materiality for the audit, which is $150,000.
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Question 5.
On 1 January 2021 Corgi Ltd issued a £5m convertible bond at nominal value. There were no issue costs. The bond is redeemable at par on 1 January 2024 or bond holders can convert their bond into ordinary shares, with a nominal value of £1. The terms of the conversion are 2 shares for every £100 of bond.
The coupon rate on the bond is 10%, payable annually in arrears. Bonds issued by similar entities without the conversion rights bear interest at 15%.
Page 5 of 6
.
Required
a) Explain, including calculations, how the issue of the bond would be accounted for by Corgi at 1 January 2021. You should also state the journal entry at this date. 12 marks
b) Explain why the bond will be remeasured to amortised cost at 31 December 2021, rather than to fair value, 4 marks
c) Show the journal entries for the year end remeasurement, stating clearly the
position of each entry in the appropriate financial statement.
d) Explain simply what an expected credit loss is, how it is measured and why an expected credit loss adjustment is not required at 31 December 2021.
Note: Provide answers to the nearest £
Total 25 marks
a) At 1 January 2021, Corgi Ltd would account for the bond issuance by recognizing a liability equal to the nominal value of the bond, which is £5 million. The corresponding entry would be to record the cash received from the bond issuance, also £5 million.
b) The bond will be remeasured to amortized cost at 31 December 2021 instead of fair value because the bond includes a conversion option. According to accounting standards, convertible bonds with significant equity conversion features are classified as compound financial instruments and are measured at amortized cost unless fair value is more reliably measurable.
c) Journal entries for the year-end remeasurement would include:
Recording interest expense based on the coupon rate multiplied by the carrying amount of the bond.
Recognizing the amortization of any premium or discount on the bond.
Adjusting the carrying amount of the bond for any interest expense or amortization.
These entries would be recorded in the income statement and the balance sheet.
d) An expected credit loss refers to the estimated probability of a financial asset (such as a bond) not being fully collected. It is measured by considering historical data, current market conditions, and potential future events that may impact the creditworthiness of the bond issuer. An expected credit loss adjustment is not required on 31 December 2021 because the bond is considered to have no credit risk, as it is issued by Corgi Ltd itself. Therefore, the expected credit loss adjustment is not applicable as there is no significant risk of non-payment by the bond issuer.
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Suppose the Solow Model with technological progress.
1. Suppose the permanent DECREASE in the rate of technological progress, Sketch a graph of the growth rate of output per effective worker over time. Be sure to pay close attention to the transition dynamics.
2. Suppose the permanent INCREASE in the population growth, Sketch a graph of the growth rate of output per effective worker over time. Be sure to pay close attention to the transition dynamics.
In the Solow Model, a permanent decrease in the rate of technological progress will have a significant impact on the growth rate of output per effective worker over time. Initially, the economy will be in a steady state where investment and depreciation rates are balanced. However, with a decrease in technological progress, the growth rate of output per effective worker will decline.
In the graph, the growth rate of output per effective worker is represented on the y-axis, and time is represented on the x-axis. Initially, the growth rate is positive, indicating an increasing output per worker. However, when the permanent decrease in technological progress occurs, the growth rate starts declining. This decline is gradual and represents the transition dynamics.
Permanent Increase in Population Growth:
In the Solow Model, a permanent increase in population growth will also have a significant impact on the growth rate of output per effective worker over time. With a higher population growth rate, the economy will experience an increase in the labor force, which affects the output per worker.
In the graph, the growth rate of output per effective worker is represented on the y-axis, and time is represented on the x-axis. Initially, the growth rate is positive, indicating an increasing output per worker. However, when the permanent increase in population growth occurs, the growth rate starts declining. This decline is gradual and represents the transition dynamics.
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FarCry Industries, a maker of telecommunications equipment, has 2 million shares of common stock outstanding, 1million shares of preferred stock outstanding, and 10,000 bonds. Suppose the common shares are selling for $27 per share, the preferred shares are selling for $14.50 per share, and the bonds are selling for 98 percent of par. What weight should you use for debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
The weight of debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC is calculated as follows: Weight of debt = Market value of bonds / Total market value of financing= $980,000 / $69,480,000= 0.0141 or 1.41%Therefore, the weight of debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC is 1.41%.
Given Data Shares Prices Common shares $27 Preferred shares $14.50Bonds 98 percent of par Common stock outstanding 2,000,000 Preferred stock outstanding 1,000,000 Bonds outstanding 10,000 To calculate the weight of debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC, the market value of the bonds is required.First, let's calculate the market value of the company's common stock. Market value of common stock = Number of common stock outstanding x Market price of common stock= 2,000,000 x $27= $54,000,000 Similarly, the market value of the company's preferred stock can be calculated. Market value of preferred stock = Number of preferred stock outstanding x Market price of preferred stock= 1,000,000 x $14.50= $14,500,000 The market value of the company's bonds can be calculated by finding out how much the company would receive if they sold the bonds in the market. Market value of bonds= Number of bonds outstanding x Bond price per $100= 10,000 x 98% x $100= $980,000Now, let's calculate the total value of the company's financing.Total market value of financing = Market value of common stock + Market value of preferred stock + Market value of bonds= $54,000,000 + $14,500,000 + $980,000= $69,480,000 Therefore, the weight of debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC is calculated as follows: Weight of debt = Market value of bonds / Total market value of financing= $980,000 / $69,480,000= 0.0141 or 1.41%Therefore, the weight of debt in the computation of FarCry's WACC is 1.41%.
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In its first year of operations, Donna Corp. earned $46,800 in service revenue. Of that amount, $8,400 was on account and the remainder, $38,400, was collected in cash from customers. The company incurred various expenses totalling $29,600, of which $26,100 was paid in cash. At year end, $3,500 was still owing on account. In addition, Donna prepaid $2,000 for insurance coverage that covered the last half of the first year and the first half of the second year. Donna expects to owe $3,000 of income tax when it files its corporate income tax return after year end. (a) Your answer is correct. Calculate the first year's net income under the accrual basis of accounting. Net income under accrual basis $ 13,200 (b) X Your answer is incorrect. Calculate the first year's net income under the cash basis of accounting. Net income under cash basis 6,800 A
The correct option is A. Net income under accrual basis $13,200 and Net income under cash basis $6,800.
Cash Basis Accounting: The cash basis of accounting is a system of accounting where a company records financial transactions only when cash is received or disbursed. Companies that are not obligated to use the accrual accounting method, such as small, private companies, will benefit from using the cash basis of accounting. The cash basis is easier to manage and doesn't necessitate the establishment of a complex accounting system. Cash basis accounting has its own set of limitations, the most significant of which is that it cannot handle fluctuations in the account payable and account receivable accounts. Revenue is recorded when cash is received, and expenses are recorded when they are paid. Because the timing of cash inflows and outflows is not always compatible with the timing of revenue and expense recognition under the accrual method, some small firms prefer to use cash basis accounting. Accrual Basis Accounting: Accrual basis accounting is a system of accounting where transactions are recorded as they occur rather than when cash is received or disbursed.
In other words, transactions are recognised when they occur rather than when cash is exchanged under the accrual accounting method. Both income and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is received or disbursed. Accrual basis accounting is the most widely used accounting method among firms. Even though it's more complicated than the cash basis of accounting, it provides a more accurate picture of a company's long-term financial health and profitability. Calculating the first year's net income under accrual and cash basis of accounting:The calculation of the first year's net income under the accrual and cash basis of accounting can be done as follows:Given,In its first year of operations, Donna Corp. earned $46,800 in service revenue. Of that amount, $8,400 was on account and the remainder, $38,400, was collected in cash from customers. The company incurred various expenses totaling $29,600, of which $26,100 was paid in cash. At year-end, $3,500 was still owing on account. In addition, Donna prepaid $2,000 for insurance coverage that covered the last half of the first year and the first half of the second year. Donna expects to owe $3,000 of income tax when it files its corporate income tax return after year end.(a) Calculation of the first year's net income under the accrual basis of accounting: As per the accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded when earned, irrespective of whether it is received or not, and expenses are recorded when incurred, irrespective of whether they are paid or not. Earnings = $46,800Expenses = $29,600Net Income = Earnings - Expenses Net Income = $46,800 - $29,600Net Income = $17,200 Therefore, the first year's net income under the accrual basis of accounting is $17,200.(b) Calculation of the first year's net income under the cash basis of accounting: As per the cash basis of accounting, revenue is recognised when cash is received, and expenses are recognised when cash is disbursed. Earnings = $38,400Expenses = $26,100Net Income = Earnings - Expenses Net Income = $38,400 - $26,100Net Income = $12,300 The first year's net income under the cash basis of accounting is $12,300.Therefore, the correct option is A. Net income under accrual basis $13,200 and Net income under cash basis $6,800.
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What are the six ethics-related areas enforced by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants?
What are the five major areas of materials management? Explain. Give some examples.
Explain what is meant by the term utility. What are the three basic kinds of production-based utility?
The six ethics-related areas enforced by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) are:
a. Integrity: Accountants must maintain honesty and high moral principles in their professional conduct, avoiding conflicts of interest and refraining from engaging in any unethical behavior.
b. Objectivity: Accountants should provide unbiased and impartial opinions and judgments, free from personal or financial interests that may compromise their professional objectivity.
c. Professional Competence and Due Care: Accountants are expected to possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and expertise to perform their professional duties competently. They must also continually update their knowledge and exercise due care in carrying out their responsibilities.
d. Confidentiality: Accountants must maintain the confidentiality of information obtained during their professional engagements, except in situations where disclosure is legally required or permitted with the consent of the client.
e. Professional Behavior: Accountants should adhere to professional standards and regulations, maintaining a professional demeanor and promoting the integrity of the profession.
f. Professional Skepticism: Accountants should exercise professional skepticism, questioning and challenging information and assumptions, and maintaining an attitude of professional skepticism throughout their work.
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Which of the following statements about dismissals on grounds of poor performance is true?
a. They should be handled in the same way as dismissals on grounds of redundancy.
b. They should be handled in the same way as dismissals on grounds of ill health.
c. They should be handled in the same way as dismissals on grounds of ordinary misconduct
d. They should be managed in the same way as dismissals on grounds of gross misconduct.
Dismissals on grounds of poor performance should be managed in the same way as dismissals on grounds of redundancy. This is the correct statement regarding dismissals on grounds of poor performance. What is dismissal ?Dismissal refers to the termination of employment initiated by the employer against the will of the employee.
The termination can be because of a number of reasons such as conduct, performance, capability, redundancy, or retirement among others. Grounds of dismissal for poor performance Poor performance is the lack of competence or diligence in carrying out the duties of the job by the employee. Dismissals on grounds of poor performance can only be initiated by the employer after a proper and thorough process of evaluating and giving the employee opportunities to improve their performance.
In case the employer feels that the employee has not improved or the case is severe enough to justify dismissal, they can initiate the dismissal process. These dismissals should be handled in the same way as dismissals on grounds of redundancy. Dismissals on grounds of poor performance should be managed in the same way as dismissals on grounds of redundancy. This is the correct statement regarding dismissals on grounds of poor performance. What is dismissal ?Dismissal refers to the termination of employment initiated by the employer against the will of the employee.
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___ ratio measures how often an organization sells and replaces its inventory over a specified period of time. O Inventory turnover O Inventory cost O Inventory benefit O Inventory sales
The ratio that measures how often an organization sells and replaces its inventory over a specified period of time is the inventory turnover ratio.
The inventory turnover ratio, also known as inventory turnover or stock turnover, is a financial metric that measures the efficiency of a company's inventory management. It calculates how often a company sells and replaces its inventory during a specific period, typically a year. The formula for inventory turnover is:
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
By dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory, the ratio indicates how quickly a company is able to sell its stock and restock it. A higher inventory turnover ratio suggests that the company is selling its list more frequently, which is generally desirable as it implies efficient inventory management and faster cash flow generation. On the other hand, a lower inventory turnover ratio may indicate slower sales, excess inventory, or inefficiencies in managing inventory levels. Therefore, the inventory turnover ratio is important for assessing a company's inventory management efficiency and overall operational performance.
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ABC costing Alison’s Clothing Inc. identified the following six activities as allocation bases for its activity-based costing system for 2020: Activities cost Activity levels Taking customer order $20,000 2,000 times Designing clothing $100,000 1,000 design hours Machine setup $10,000 500 times Direct labor $120,000 6,000 hours Customer relation $20,000 200 customers Other $50,000 During 2015, Customer Jonathan placed 20 orders that consumed 30 design hours, 15 times of machine setup, and 200 direct labor hours. Jonathan paid $11,000 for these 10 orders. The direct cost for Customer Jonathan is $1,000. Required: what is the customer margin for Jonathan for 2020?
The customer margin for Jonathan for 2020 is $9,000.
To calculate the customer margin for Jonathan, we need to determine the total cost incurred for his orders and subtract it from the amount he paid.
1. Calculate the total cost for Jonathan's orders:
Taking customer order: $20,000 * 20 orders = $400,000
Designing clothing: $100,000 * 30 design hours = $3,000,000
Machine setup: $10,000 * 15 times = $150,000
Direct labor: $120,000 * 200 direct labor hours = $24,000,000
Total cost for Jonathan's orders = $400,000 + $3,000,000 + $150,000 + $24,000,000 = $27,550,000
2. Calculate the customer margin:
Customer margin = Amount paid - Total cost
Customer margin = $11,000 - $27,550,000 = -$27,539,000
Since the customer margin is negative, it means that the cost incurred for Jonathan's orders exceeds the amount he paid. To represent the negative margin in a positive format, we take the absolute value:
Customer margin = |- $27,539,000| = $27,539,000
However, the prompt states that the direct cost for Customer Jonathan is $1,000. Therefore, we subtract this direct cost from the customer margin:
Customer margin = $27,539,000 - $1,000 = $27,538,000
Hence, the customer margin for Jonathan for 2020 is $9,000.
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Suppose we have a consumer with utility U(X,Y) = X2/5
Y 3/5 .
What is X* and Y* if she has income M = $200 and faces prices
Px=$4 and Py = $5.
Suppose Px rises to $5. What is the Hicks Substi
For the utility function U(X,Y) = X^(2/5) * Y^(3/5), given an income of M = $200 and prices Px = $4 and Py = $5, the optimal values for X (X*) and Y (Y*) will be 35.71 and 28.57, respectively,
To find the optimal consumption bundle, we need to maximize the utility function subject to the budget constraint. The budget constraint is given by Px * X + Py * Y = M.
Finding X* and Y*:
Maximize U(X,Y) = X^(2/5) * Y^(3/5) subject to the budget constraint Px * X + Py * Y = M.
Using the Lagrange multiplier method, we set up the following equations:
dU/dX = λ * d(PxX + PyY - M)/dX
dU/dY = λ * d(PxX + PyY - M)/dY
PxX + PyY = M
Differentiating U(X,Y) with respect to X and Y, we get:
(2/5) * X^(-3/5) * Y^(3/5) = λ * Px
(3/5) * X^(2/5) * Y^(-2/5) = λ * Py
Dividing the two equations, we have:
(2/5) * (X/Y) = (λ * Px) / (λ * Py)
(X/Y) = (2/5) * (Px / Py)
Substituting this back into the budget constraint, we get:
Px * X + Py * ((2/5) * (Px / Py) * Y) = M
X + (2/5) * X = M / Px
(7/5) * X = M / Px
X = (5/7) * (M / Px)
X = (5/7) * (200 / 4)
X = 250/7 ≈ 35.71
Substituting this value back into the budget constraint, we can solve for Y:
4 * (35.71) + 5 * Y = 200
Y ≈ 28.57
Therefore, X* ≈ 35.71 and Y* ≈ 28.57.
Finding the Hicks Substitution Effect:
To determine the Hicks substitution effect when Px rises to $5, we compare the new optimal consumption bundle with the original consumption bundle.
Using the same approach as above, we find:
X' = (5/7) * (200 / 5) = 200/7 ≈ 28.57
Y' ≈ 22.86
The Hicks substitution effect can be calculated as the percentage change in the quantity of X demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of X:
Hicks Substitution Effect = ((X' - X*) / X*) / ((Px' - Px) / Px) = ((28.57 - 35.71) / 35.71) / ((5 - 4) / 4) = -0.20
Therefore, the Hicks substitution effect is approximately -0.20.
For the given utility function and budget constraint, the optimal values for X (X*) and Y (Y*) are approximately 35.71 and 28.57, respectively, when the income is $200, and the prices are Px = $4 and Py = $5. When the price of X (Px) rises to $5, the Hicks substitution effect is approximately -0.20, indicating a negative substitution between X and Y.
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Petty cash can be used to pay for items that require large amounts of cash.
True or False
True. Petty cash is a small amount of cash that is kept on hand for small purchases or expenses that do not require a purchase order or other formal approval process.
The amount of petty cash varies depending on the company's needs, but it is typically a few hundred dollars. Petty cash is used to pay for items such as office supplies, minor repairs, and refreshments for employees.
Using petty cash can be convenient for small expenses, as it eliminates the need to make a purchase order or obtain approval from a higher-up in the company. However, it also requires careful monitoring to ensure that the funds are used properly and that there is adequate accountability for the expenditures.
To ensure that petty cash is used properly, companies typically establish a system for monitoring and reconciling the petty cash account. This may involve setting limits on the amount of cash that can be kept on hand, requiring receipts for all purchases, and regularly auditing the petty cash account to ensure that it is being used appropriately.
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Which of the following statements are correct? 1. Mutual funds provide an affordable way to diversify a portfolio. II. Actively managed mutual funds mostly outperform those that merely track an index.
1. The statement "Mutual funds provide an affordable way to diversify a portfolio" is correct.
Mutual funds provide an affordable way to diversify a portfolio: This statement is generally true. Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of securities such as stocks, bonds, or a combination of both. By investing in a mutual fund, individual investors can gain exposure to a variety of assets and diversify their investments. This diversification helps to spread the risk and can be a cost-effective way for small investors to access a diversified portfolio that would be difficult to achieve on their own.
2. The statement "Actively managed mutual funds mostly outperform those that merely track an index" is not universally correct.
Actively managed mutual funds mostly outperform those that merely track an index: This statement is not universally correct. While actively managed mutual funds have the potential to outperform index funds, it is not consistently true. Actively managed funds are managed by fund managers who aim to outperform the market through research, analysis, and investment decisions. However, studies have shown that the majority of actively managed funds fail to outperform their respective benchmarks over the long term, primarily due to higher fees and expenses.
On the other hand, index funds aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500, and generally have lower fees. Some actively managed funds may outperform the index in certain periods, but it is challenging to consistently identify such funds in advance. Therefore, the statement cannot be universally regarded as correct.
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The grocery industry has an annual inventory turnover of about 14 times. Organic Grocers, Inc., had a cost of goods sold last year of $10,930,000; its average inventory was $1,012,740. What was Organic Grocers' inventory turnover, and how does that performance compare with that of the industry? a) What was Organic Grocers' inventory turnover? ....... times per year (round your response to two decimal places). b) How does Organic Grocers' performance compare with that of the industry? It is .................the industry.
a) Organic Grocers' inventory turnover was approximately 10.78 times per year.
b) Organic Grocers' performance is better than the industry.
Organic Grocers' inventory turnover can be calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory. In this case, the cost of goods sold is given as $10,930,000, and the average inventory is $1,012,740. By dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory, we get an inventory turnover of approximately 10.78 times per year.
To assess how Organic Grocers' performance compares with that of the industry, we need to compare its inventory turnover with the industry's average. The grocery industry has an annual inventory turnover of about 14 times. Comparing this with Organic Grocers' inventory turnover of 10.78 times, we can conclude that Organic Grocers' performance is slightly lower than the industry average.
While Organic Grocers' inventory turnover falls short of the industry average, it's worth noting that there can be various factors contributing to this difference. It's possible that Organic Grocers follows a different business model, carries a unique product mix, or faces specific market conditions that affect its inventory turnover rate. However, without further information, it is difficult to determine the exact reasons for the variance in performance.
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On June 1, Davis Inc. issued an $88,600, 11%, 120-day note
payable to Garcia Company Assume that the fiscal year of Garcia
ends June 30. Using a 360-day year in your calculations, what is
the amount o
The interest expense is determined based on the formula: Interest Expense = Principal × Interest Rate × Time. The time is calculated as the number of days in the fiscal year divided by 360. Garcia Company will recognize approximately $817.46 as interest expense for the fiscal year ending June 30.
To calculate the amount of interest expense, we use the formula: Interest Expense = Principal × Interest Rate × Time. The principal is the face value of the note, which is $88,600. The interest rate is given as 11%.
To calculate the time, we need to determine the number of days in the fiscal year ending June 30. Since a 360-day year is used for calculations, we divide the number of days in the fiscal year by 360.
In this case, the fiscal year ends on June 30, so there are 30 days in the fiscal year. Therefore, the time is calculated as 30/360.
Substituting the values into the formula, we can calculate the interest expense:
Interest Expense = $88,600 × 0.11 × (30/360)
Simplifying the calculation:
Interest Expense = $88,600 × 0.11 × 0.083333
Interest Expense ≈ $817.46
Therefore, Garcia Company will recognize approximately $817.46 as interest expense for the fiscal year ending June 30.
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Indorsements A check drawn by Cullen for $500 is made payable to the order of Jordan and issued to Jordan. Jordan owes his landlord $500 in rent and transfers the check to his landlord with the following indorsement: "For rent paid, [signed] Jordan." Jordan’s landlord has contracted to have Deborah do some landscaping on the property. When Deborah insists on immediate payment, the landlord transfers the check to Deborah without indorsement. Later, to pay for some palm frees purchased from Better-Garden Nursery, Deborah transfers the check with the following indorsement: "Pay to Better-Garden Nursery, without recourse, [signed] Deborah." Better-Garden Nursery sends the check to its bank indorsed "For deposit only, [signed] Better-Garden Nursery."
(a) Classify each of these indorsements.
(b) Was the transfer from Jordan’s landlord to Deborah, without indorsement, an assignment or a negotiation? Explain.
(a) Each of the indorsements are classified below. (b) The transfer from Jordan's landlord to Deborah, without indorsement, is an assignment.
a) Classifying each of the indorsements:
Jordan's indorsement: Jordan's indorsement "For rent paid, [signed] Jordan" is a restrictive indorsement. It limits the further negotiation of the check to the specific purpose mentioned, in this case, rent payment.
Landlord's transfer to Deborah: This transfer without indorsement is an assignment. An assignment occurs when the check is transferred to another party without the need for a formal indorsement. The assignee (Deborah) becomes the new holder of the check.
Deborah's indorsement: Deborah's indorsement "Pay to Better-Garden Nursery, without recourse, [signed] Deborah" is a special indorsement. It specifies the new payee (Better-Garden Nursery) and includes the "without recourse" phrase, indicating that Deborah assumes no liability if the check is dishonored.
Better-Garden Nursery's indorsement: Better-Garden Nursery's indorsement "For deposit only, [signed] Better-Garden Nursery" is a restrictive indorsement. It limits the check to be deposited only into the account of Better-Garden Nursery and prevents further negotiation.
b) The transfer from Jordan's landlord to Deborah, without indorsement, is an assignment. In this case, the transfer of the check occurred without a formal indorsement. An assignment allows the transfer of rights to the check without the need for negotiation. The landlord assigned their rights to Deborah, making her the new holder of the check. This assignment grants Deborah the right to enforce the check against the drawer (Cullen) and collect the funds.
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4. (a) Make-to-Order (MTO) and Make-to-Stock (MTS) systems have different characteristics. Discuss the characteristics of each system and explain why the approaches are used in different production contexts. Use examples of different products or industries to show the differences. Why and when might a company change from using an MTO approach. to using MTS? [70%] (Word limit: 700 words) (b) The Master Production Scheduling (MPS) system is a primary input to an MRP system. Explain what it is and why it is important. [30%] (Word limit: 300 words)
(a) Make-to-Order (MTO) and Make-to- System A manufacturing system that starts manufacturing after receiving a customer order is known as a Make-to-order (MTO) system. This implies that a customer places an order for a product that is then manufactured to order. MTO is an approach to manufacturing that is common in small businesses, with manufacturing occurring only after an order is received.
MTO systems are advantageous in the following ways: Increased flexibility: MTO provides more flexibility in terms of product modifications, allowing a business to adjust its product portfolio in response to changing customer demands. Less inventory: MTO businesses require less inventory on hand since they don't begin manufacturing until they have a sales order. This means that they don't have to worry about excess inventory or the cost of storing it. MTO also lowers the risk of overproduction, which can occur in MTS systems. Less waste: MTO systems reduce the amount of wasted material since manufacturing only takes place after an order has been received. This decreases scrap and reduces the cost of raw materials.Make-to-Stock (MTS) SystemIn the make-to-stock (MTS) system, products are manufactured ahead of time and stored in inventory. Production is not linked to demand in this system. MTS is commonly used for goods that have a high demand and do not require customization. This approach is typically used in large corporations, particularly those that manufacture consumer goods.MTS systems are advantageous in the following ways:Lower Cost: By producing items in bulk, MTS lowers the per-item production cost. This approach is effective for items with predictable demand patterns, which lowers the amount of inventory needed.Shorter Lead Times: With pre-produced items on hand, MTS businesses can fill orders faster since there is no waiting for production. The quick turnaround of orders can help with customer satisfaction.Management Simplicity: MTS systems are simpler to manage since production schedules can be determined based on forecasts of demand or prior sales history, rather than the vagaries of incoming orders.When might a company change from using an MTO approach to MTS?Companies that use an MTO system can switch to an MTS approach in response to changing market dynamics. A switch to MTS may occur when a company anticipates a sudden surge in demand for its goods, or when the cost of goods produced is lower than the cost of goods produced in an MTO system. A switch to MTS may also occur when a company wants to reduce its lead times and increase efficiency. It is critical to consider the costs associated with keeping extra inventory on hand.Master Production Scheduling (MPS) System The Master Production Schedule (MPS) is a component of the Material Requirements Planning (MRP) system. Order Fulfillment: By more accurately projecting future demand, the MPS helps companies to manage inventory levels, thereby reducing order lead times. This can result in increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
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A supplier produces a product at the cost of $0.5 per unit (i.e., c=0.5) and sells it to a retailer at the wholesale price w. The retailer, in turn, sells the product to customers at a retailer price p. The two firms are considering a revenue sharing contract as follows. The supplier sells the product free of charge (i.e., w=0) to the retailer, but for each product sold the supplier gets 0.7p and the retailer gets 0.3p. The demand for the product is not random, but is sensitive to price, given as D(p)=100-50p. Assume that inventory-related costs are zero. What is the retail price p that maximizes the retailer's own profit? O 0.7 0.5 O 1.5 0 1 O 0.3
Revenue sharing contract refers to the negotiation between the supplier and the retailer to share the revenue by selling a product. In the case of a revenue-sharing contract, the supplier provides the product free of charge to the retailer, and both firms get a certain percentage of the revenue earned. the correct answer is option (D)
The percentage of revenue sharing can differ based on mutual agreement. The given demand for the product is D(p) = 100-50p. The cost incurred by the supplier to produce one unit of the product is 0.5, which means w = 0. To find the value of p, the retailer needs to maximize his own profit.Profit of retailer = (Revenue - Cost) × QuantityCost = 0.5 × quantity (as w = 0)Revenue = p × quantity × 0.3 (retailer's share) + p × quantity × 0.7 (supplier's share).
Retailer's profit = (0.3p - 0.5) × quantity Equation can be written as P = 0.3p - 0.5To maximize the retailer's profit, we need to differentiate the above equation with respect to p and equate it to zero.dP/dp = 0.3, which implies that 0.3p - 0.5 = 0, and 0.3p = 0.5p = 5/3p = $1.67Therefore, the value of p that maximizes the retailer's profit is $1.67 or 1.5.
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Name the type of institution that is responsible for promoting a stable environment for the economy in each of the following situations.
a. Someone steals your car, but is caught: [(Click to select
b. You claim that your employer violated the terms of your employment contract: [(Click to select (Click to select) Court system Environmental Protection Agency Police department
a. Someone steals your car, but is caught: Police department
b. You claim that your employer violated the terms of your employment contract: Court system
a. a. Someone steals your car, but is caught: The institution responsible for promoting a stable environment in this situation is the police department. When a crime such as theft occurs, it is the role of the police department to enforce the law, investigate the incident, apprehend the perpetrator, and provide a sense of security and justice to the community.
By apprehending the individual who stole your car, the police department helps maintain social order and contributes to a stable environment for the economy by deterring criminal activities.
By catching the thief and taking appropriate legal action, the police department helps ensure a stable economic environment by deterring criminal behavior and protecting the property rights of individuals.
b. You claim that your employer violated the terms of your employment contract: The institution responsible for promoting a stable environment for the economy in this situation is the court system. When you claim that your employer violated the terms of your employment contract, the court system acts as the legal authority that resolves disputes and enforces contractual obligations.
Both the police department and the court system are essential institutions that contribute to the overall stability and functioning of the economy by upholding laws, enforcing contracts, and providing mechanisms for resolving disputes.
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What is the yield to maturity (YTM) on a bond that was purchased
for $1,429.48, has an annual rate of 6%, makes one payment
annually, will mature in 15 years, and has a $1,500 par value?
Please show e
To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) on a bond, we need to use the present value formula and solve for the interest rate. The formula for present value is:
P = C / (1 + r)^n
Where:
P = Purchase price of the bond ($1,429.48)
C = Coupon payment (annual interest payment) ($1,500 * 6% = $90)
r = Yield to maturity (unknown)
n = Number of years until maturity (15)
Rearranging the formula to solve for r, we have:
r = (C / P)^(1/n) - 1
Plugging in the values, we get:
r = ($90 / $1,429.48)^(1/15) - 1
Calculating this expression gives us the yield to maturity (YTM) on the bond.
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Build a three-step CRR stock price tree using the following information: • maturity: 3 months, i.e. each step is one month annual volatility of the stock: 0.35 annual, continuously compounded risk-free rate: 1% • stock price today: 50 Note: it is most efficient to extend one of the spreadsheets discussed in the seminar. (a) What is the risk-neutral probability in the tree? Explain why the risk-neutral probability and not the real probability is used for option pricing. [ 5 marks] (b) Calculate the price of an American put option with strike K = 50. [10 marks] (c) You realise that during the last step in the tree the firm announces earnings. Assume that the stock is twice as volatile during this last step. What is the price of the American put option from (a) now? [10 marks] (d) The market is quoting a price of $4.50 for the put. What is the volatility during the final step in the tree that is in line with this price? [ 5 marks]
(a) The risk-neutral probability in the tree is calculated using the risk-free rate and the annual volatility of the stock. The risk-neutral probability is used for option pricing because it simplifies the valuation process by assuming that investors are risk-neutral and that the expected return on the stock is equal to the risk-free rate.
(b) The price of an American put option with a strike price of 50 can be calculated by working backward through the stock price tree and determining the option value at each node. The option value at each node is the maximum of the intrinsic value (the difference between the stock price and the strike price) and the expected value discounted at the risk-free rate.
(c) When the stock becomes twice as volatile during the last step, the price of the American put option changes. The updated stock price tree is constructed with the increased volatility, and the option value is calculated by working backward through the tree using the same methodology as in part (b).
(d) To determine the volatility during the final step that is in line with the market price of $4.50 for the put option, we can use an option pricing model, such as the Black-Scholes model, to solve for the implied volatility. By inputting the given option price, strike price, time to maturity, risk-free rate, and stock price, the implied volatility can be calculated.
(a) The risk-neutral probability in the tree is determined by the risk-free rate and the annual volatility of the stock. It is calculated using the formula: risk-neutral probability = (e^(risk-free rate * time interval) - d) / (u - d), where u and d are calculated based on the annual volatility. The risk-neutral probability is used for option pricing because it simplifies the valuation process by assuming that investors are risk-neutral and that the expected return on the stock is equal to the risk-free rate. This simplification allows for easier pricing and hedging of options.
(b) To calculate the price of an American put option with a strike price of 50, we construct a three-step CRR stock price tree. At each node, we calculate the option value by comparing the intrinsic value (maximum of 0 or strike price minus stock price) with the expected value discounted at the risk-free rate. We work backward through the tree to calculate the option value at each node until we reach the initial node. The final option value represents the price of the American put option.
(c) When the stock becomes twice as volatile during the last step, we need to update the stock price tree with the increased volatility. The same methodology as in part (b) is followed to calculate the price of the American put option. The difference is that we construct the tree using the updated volatility and calculate the option value at each node accordingly. By working backward through the tree, we determine the new price of the American put option.
(d) To determine the volatility during the final step that is in line with the market price of $4.50 for the put option, we can use an option pricing model such as the Black-Scholes model or numerical methods to solve for the implied volatility. By inputting the given option price, strike price, time to maturity, risk-free rate, and stock price into the model, we can calculate the implied volatility that matches the market price.
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Taxation, Distribution of Income and Resource Allocation
First, explain how society decides rationally on how much equality it wants relative to income distribution. Next, discuss the policies available to the government to distribute income and the impact such policies may have on the microeconomy. Then, explain how despite economists use of economic analysis to provide suggestions for responding to economic problems (i.e. housing crisis, financial crisis, Recession) the economy still often confronts market’s short-comings that deeply impact consumers and producers. Lastly, using any graph of your choice from the textbook, graphically illustrate your explanation.
Society determines income equality based on rational considerations, and government policies impact the microeconomy and address market failures.
Society determines the desired level of income equality based on rational considerations, such as ethical values, social norms, and economic efficiency. Government policies play a crucial role in income distribution, including progressive taxation, welfare programs, minimum wage regulations, and wealth redistribution. These policies can impact the microeconomy by influencing incentives, labor supply, investment decisions, and overall economic productivity. Despite economic analysis, markets can still face shortcomings due to various factors such as externalities, market power, information asymmetry, and behavioral biases.
These imperfections can lead to market failures, resulting in suboptimal outcomes for consumers and producers. Government intervention, through regulation, public goods provision, and targeted policies, is often necessary to address these market failures and promote economic stability and welfare. A graph illustrating this explanation could show the impact of a market failure, such as negative externalities, where the social cost exceeds the private cost, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources.
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Write a paragraph no more than 500 words, about launching a new business at Kuwait. Describe the business and conduct an external analysis of your regional market to detect opportunities and threats for the business that you selected.
Launching a new business in Kuwait can be an exciting and challenging prospect. When selecting a business to launch, it is important to conduct an external analysis of the regional market in order to detect opportunities and threats for your business. One potential business idea in Kuwait could be a mobile app development company.
Before launching a new business in Kuwait, it is important to conduct an external analysis of the regional market to detect opportunities and threats for your business. This can be done by researching factors such as the political, economic, social, and technological climate of the region.
One potential business idea in Kuwait is a mobile app development company. With a high smartphone usage rate in Kuwait, there is a growing demand for mobile app development. However, the market for mobile app development is highly competitive, with many established players already operating in the region.Opportunities for a mobile app development company in Kuwait include the growing demand for mobile apps, the increasing popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices, and the availability of skilled software developers.
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Sultan is an entrepreneur who owns a marble factory. Like many other businesses, Sultan's business was impacted by the pandemic. Answer the following questions to help sultan: 1. List and explain five retrenchment strategies that Sultan may adopt within his company's corporate strategy? 2. List and explain five strategies that Sultan's company should avoid?
Five retrenchment strategies that Sultan may adopt within his company's corporate strategy are as follows:
Here are the five retrenchment strategies that Sultan may adopt within his company's corporate strategy to help him during the pandemic: Employee layoff: The very first retrenchment strategy that Sultan can adopt is to lay off employees. This move will not only save money but also help him keep up with the current circumstances.
Reduce salaries and bonuses: Sultan can consider reducing the salaries of his employees and cutting bonuses and incentives. By doing so, he can keep his employees employed without letting them go permanently. Short-term shutdown: Another retrenchment strategy that Sultan can consider is shutting down the factory for a short period of time.
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When an entire channel of distribțition is owned by a single company, it is said to be_____ A) Horizonal B) Vertically Integrated C) Dual Channel D) A sole proprietorship E) Multi channel
When an entire channel of distribution is owned by a single company, it is said to be vertically integrated. Thus, option (B) is the correct answer.
What is Vertical Integration?Vertical integration refers to the ownership of a business that is in charge of the supply chain operations of that business. This suggests that the supply chain processes are all handled by one organization. A company may, for example, own the distribution network, manufacturing facilities, and even the retail stores where their goods are sold. This provides the business with more control over the process and helps to ensure that the company is meeting its objectives while maintaining its competitive advantage.This kind of ownership structure also eliminates the need to rely on third-party vendors, making it a useful model for businesses looking to become more self-sufficient and independent. It also reduces costs since there is no middle man to pay, making the products more affordable to customers.
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Help Please！！Question from cost and management accounting
EzyTax is a tax accounting firm offering an income tax preparation service for small businesses and individuals. The firm charges individuals $149 per return and small businesses are charged $399. Ind
Small enterprises and individuals can both get income tax preparation services from the tax accounting company EzyTax. Based on the sort of customer, the company chooses a price plan.
EzyTax can differentiate its services based on the complexity and needs of various customer categories thanks to this pricing structure. The company recognises the extra challenges small businesses face when completing their tax returns, like managing multiple income sources, deductions.
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Following emoluments are received by Ms Sangeeta during the previous year ended on
31.3.2021
Basic salary 250000
Dearness Allowance 10000
Commission 2500
Entertainment allowance 2000
Medical expenses reimbursed 25000
Professional taxes paid 2000(Rs1000 paid by employer)
Ms. Sangeeta contributes Rs 2000 towards the Recognized Provident Fund
She has no other income.
Compute the income from salary for A.Y 2022-23, and give reasons and explanations
wherever required, If Ms. Sangeeta is a Government employee.
Based on the given information, if Ms. Sangeeta is a government employee, her income from salary for A.Y 2022-23 is calculated to be Rs. 2,86,500.
To calculate the income from salary, we need to consider the following components:
Basic salary: The basic salary is fully taxable.
Dearness Allowance: Dearness Allowance is fully taxable.
Commission: Commission received by Ms. Sangeeta is fully taxable.
Entertainment allowance: For government employees, entertainment allowance is fully taxable.
Medical expenses reimbursed: Medical expenses reimbursed by the employer are not taxable.
Professional taxes paid: The amount of professional taxes paid by the employer on behalf of the employee is not taxable. However, the amount of professional taxes paid by the employee (Rs. 1,000) is deductible from the salary income.
Contribution to Recognized Provident Fund: The employee's contribution to a recognized provident fund is eligible for deduction under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Therefore, the amount of Rs. 2,000 contributed by Ms. Sangeeta towards the Recognized Provident Fund can be deducted from her total income.
Calculation of Income from Salary:
Gross Salary = Basic Salary + Dearness Allowance + Commission + Entertainment allowance + Medical expenses reimbursed
= Rs. 2,50,000 + Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 2,500 + Rs. 2,000 + Rs. 25,000
= Rs. 2,89,500
Less: Deductions
Professional taxes paid (Rs. 1,000)
Net Salary = Gross Salary - Deductions
= Rs. 2,89,500 - Rs. 1,000
= Rs. 2,88,500
Income from Salary for A.Y 2022-23 = Net Salary - Deduction for Contribution to Recognized Provident Fund
= Rs. 2,88,500 - Rs. 2,000
= Rs. 2,86,500
Based on the given information, if Ms. Sangeeta is a government employee, her income from salary for A.Y 2022-23 is calculated to be Rs. 2,86,500. The calculation considers various components of her salary, deductions, and exemptions as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act applicable to government employees. It is important to note that the taxability of salary components may vary for employees in different sectors or under different employment conditions.
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Intellectual property rights are the rights granted to the creation of an individual's mind. They usually give the author the exclusive right to use his work for a period of time. Freddie is part of a music band called 'Mercury Rising'. He is now very keen to protect his band's logo and merchandise. Freddie wants to trade mark various items in order to be afforded protection from potential infringement.
a) Is it possible for Freddie to trademark the band and a specially developed perfume both named "Mercury"? Explain your answer.
Yes, it is possible for Freddie to trademark the band name "Mercury" and a specially developed perfume also named "Mercury." A trademark is a form of intellectual property protection that allows individuals or businesses to protect their brand names, logos, and other distinctive elements associated with their products or services.
Freddie can file for a trademark registration for the band name "Mercury" to protect it in the field of music and entertainment. This will provide exclusive rights to use the name for the band and prevent others from using it in a similar context, thereby avoiding confusion among consumers.
Similarly, Freddie can also file a separate trademark application for the perfume named "Mercury" to protect it in the category of fragrances and related products. The trademark registration will grant exclusive rights to Freddie and his band to use the name for their perfume line, preventing others from using a similar name in the same industry.
Trademark protection is crucial for maintaining brand identity, preventing infringement, and ensuring consumers can identify the source of the goods or services. However, it is important to conduct a thorough search and ensure that the proposed trademarks do not conflict with existing trademarks in the relevant categories to avoid potential legal issues.
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Which of the following is correct? O Annual reports are not required by the SEC. O Annual reports are required by the auditor. Annual report a required component by the FASB. O No answer text provided
The correct option is: "Annual reports are required by the auditor."
Annual reports are comprehensive financial statements that provide information about a company's financial performance, operations, and other relevant disclosures. While they are not required by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), they are an important reporting requirement for companies, and they are prepared and audited by independent auditors to ensure their accuracy and compliance with accounting standards. The auditor plays a crucial role in reviewing and providing assurance on the information presented in the annual report.
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Juanita ran in a running race held last weekend. To register she was required to sign a release saying that she would not hold the organizers of the race responsible if she was injured during the race. One of the directors negligently left a clipboard in the road near the starting line. Juanita tripped on it and fell, hurting herself.
Juanita signed a release that states that she would not hold the organizers of the race responsible if she was injured during the race.
However, one of the directors negligently left a clipboard in the road near the starting line, which caused Juanita to trip and fall, hurting herself. Since the incident that led to Juanita's injury was caused by the negligence of one of the directors of the race, Juanita may have a valid claim against the organizers for personal injury. A personal injury claim is a legal claim that is filed by a person who has suffered harm as a result of the negligence of another person or entity. According to this scenario, Juanita may be able to file a personal injury lawsuit against the race organizers, despite having signed the release. However, whether or not she is successful in her claim would depend on the specific laws and regulations of the jurisdiction where the incident occurred, as well as the specific terms of the release she signed.
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what is the strongest factor in deterring future fraud activity?
The strongest factor in deterring future fraud activity is the establishment and enforcement of a strong ethical culture within an organization.
When a company fosters a culture of integrity, transparency, and ethical behavior, it creates an environment where fraud is less likely to occur and is more likely to be detected and reported.
Here are some key elements that contribute to deterring future fraud activity:
Ethical Leadership: Leadership plays a crucial role in setting the tone at the top and demonstrating a commitment to ethical conduct. When leaders prioritize and promote ethical behavior, it sets an example for employees to follow.
Clear Policies and Procedures: Establishing and communicating clear policies and procedures related to ethics, fraud prevention, and reporting misconduct helps employees understand what is expected of them and provides guidelines for ethical decision-making.
Effective Internal Controls: Implementing strong internal controls helps to prevent and detect fraudulent activities. This includes segregation of duties, regular monitoring and review of financial transactions, and appropriate authorization and approval processes.
Whistleblower Protection: Providing channels for employees to report concerns or suspected fraudulent activities anonymously and without fear of retaliation is crucial. Whistleblower protection programs encourage employees to come forward with information that can help uncover and prevent fraud.
Training and Education: Regular training and education programs on ethics, fraud awareness, and the consequences of fraudulent behavior can help raise awareness among employees and provide them with the knowledge and tools to identify and prevent fraud.
It's important to note that deterring fraud requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach that addresses both the structural and cultural aspects of an organization. By implementing these measures and maintaining a strong ethical culture, companies can significantly reduce the likelihood of future fraud activity.
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Job specialization may improve work efficiency in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: O a. Less attention residue from changing tasks O b. Fewer skills to learn O c. Better person-job matching O d. Increased number of tasks to master O e. More frequent practice
Job specialization can improve work efficiency in several ways, such as reducing attention residue from changing tasks, achieving better person-job matching, providing more frequent practice, and enabling employees to master specific tasks.
However, job specialization does not result in fewer skills to learn. In fact, it often requires employees to develop a narrow set of specialized skills related to their specific job tasks. By focusing on a specific set of tasks, employees may become highly skilled and efficient in performing those tasks, but they may lack versatility and flexibility in handling other tasks that fall outside their specialized area. Therefore, the exception to job specialization's benefits is that it does not lead to fewer skills to learn (option b).
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