4. (a) Make a graph that can suggest a typical I-V curve of PEMFC operating at 25°C (2pts).

(b) Mark the theoretical voltage (potential), activation loss, ohmic loss, and concentration
loss (2pt).

(c) Suggest as many ways as possible to reduce the losses (3pts).

17.42 grams of water (H₂O) will be produced when 35.8 grams of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Given,

Mass of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) = 35.8 grams

Molar mass of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) = 74.10 g/mol

Molar mass of water (H₂O) = 18.02 g/mol

The balanced equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is: Ca(OH)₂ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + 2H₂O

For every 1 mole of calcium hydroxide that reacts, 2 moles of water are produced.

Moles = Mass / Molar mass

Moles of Ca(OH)₂ = 35.8/ 74.10 ≈ 0.483 mol

Moles of H₂O = 2 × Moles of Ca(OH)₂ = 2 × 0.483 = 0.966 mol

Mass = Moles × Molar mass

Mass of H₂O = 0.966 × 18.02 ≈ 17.42

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Answer:

Volume = 3.4 L

Explanation:

In order to calculate the volume of CO₂ produced when 15.2 g of CaCO₃ is heated, we need to first write out the balanced equation of the thermal decomposition of CaCO₃:

CaCO₃ (s) + [Heat] ⇒ CaO (s) + CO₂ (g)

Now, let's calculate the number of moles in 15.2 g CaCO₃:

mole no. = [tex]\mathrm{\frac{mass}{molar \ mass}}[/tex]

                 = [tex]\frac{15.2}{40.1 + 12 + (16 \times 3)}[/tex]

                 = 0.1518 moles

From the balanced equation above, we can see that the stoichiometric molar ratios of CaCO₃ and CO₂ are equal. Therefore, the number of moles of CO₂ produced is also 0.1518 moles.

Hence, from the formula for the number of moles of a gas, we can calculate the volume of  CO₂:

mole no. = [tex]\mathrm{\frac{Volume \ in \ L}{22.4}}[/tex]

⇒ [tex]0.1518 = \mathrm{\frac{Volume}{22.4}}[/tex]

⇒ Volume = 0.1518 × 22.4

                 = 3.4 L

Therefore, if 15.2 g of CaCO₃ is heated, 3.4 L of CO₂ is produced at STP.

The equilibrium constant for the given reaction is approximately 25.199.

To determine the equilibrium constant for the given reaction, we can use the concentrations of the species at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant (Kc) is defined as the ratio of the product concentrations raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the ratio of the reactant concentrations raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

4PH3(g) ↔ 6H2(g) + P4(g)

Using the concentrations given at equilibrium, we can substitute the values into the equilibrium expression:

Kc = ([H2]^6 * [P4]) / ([PH3]^4)

Plugging in the given concentrations:

Kc = ([0.580 M]^6 * [0.750 M]) / ([0.250 M]^4)

Kc = (0.1311 * 0.750) / (0.00390625)

Kc ≈ 25.199

This value indicates that at equilibrium, the product concentrations are favored over the reactant concentrations, as Kc is greater than 1.

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Deprotonation refers to the removal of a proton from a molecule, while an enolate is an anionic species formed by deprotonation of the α-carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group. An enone, on the other hand, is a molecule containing a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbonyl group.

"Deprotonate," "enolate," and "enone" are terms used in organic chemistry to describe specific reactions and functional groups. Let's break down each term:

Deprotonate: Deprotonation refers to the removal of a proton (H+) from a molecule. It is a process that involves the transfer of a proton from a molecule to a base. The resulting species is negatively charged and called an anion.

Deprotonation reactions are common in various organic reactions and play a crucial role in the formation of new bonds and the generation of reactive intermediates.

Enolate: An enolate is an anionic species that contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a negatively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom. Enolates are formed through deprotonation of the α-carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group (such as a ketone or aldehyde).

The formation of enolates is an important step in many organic reactions, such as aldol condensation and Michael addition, as enolates serve as nucleophiles or reactive intermediates.

Enone: An enone is a molecule that contains a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and a carbonyl group (C=O) adjacent to each other. Enones are carbonyl compounds that possess a conjugated double bond system. They exhibit unique reactivity due to the presence of both a double bond and a carbonyl group, making them valuable intermediates in organic synthesis.

Enones are involved in various reactions, including Michael additions, Diels-Alder reactions, and cycloadditions, to form complex organic compounds.

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The best explanation for the increase in the number of plants with long, narrow flowers over time is option D: Individuals with long, narrow flowers produce more seeds than individuals with short, wide flowers.

In this population, short, wide flowers are better suited for bee pollination, while long, narrow flowers are more suitable for hummingbird pollination. Over time, the plants with long, narrow flowers produce more seeds compared to those with short, wide flowers.

This happens because the hummingbirds, which are the main pollinators for long, narrow flowers, are more effective in transferring pollen between these flowers. As a result, the long, narrow flower individuals have a higher reproductive success and pass on their traits to the next generation

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Hydroelectric energy source would be most economical for the community to use. The correct option is A.

Thus, the most cost-effective energy source for a town will often rely on a number of variables, including infrastructure, accessibility, and regional circumstances. However, hydroelectric electricity often has a better long-term cost-effectiveness and environmental impact.

Once the equipment is in place, hydroelectric power uses the energy of moving or falling water to produce electricity, making it a relatively cheap and renewable form of energy.  Although fossil fuels may initially be less expensive, their supplies are limited, and they also contribute to pollution and climate change.

Thus, the ideal selection is option A.

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The amount of work that has been done by the man would be =1,102.5Nm

To calculate the amount of work that was done by the man, the formula that should be used would be given below as follows:

Work done = Force × distance

But force = mass × acceleration

mass = 75kg

acceleration = 9.8m/s²

Force = 75×9.8 =735N

Work done = 735× 1.5 = 1,102.5Nm

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A solution with nitrate(V) ion concentrations over 0.05 mg/cm3 has a molarity of around 1.61 x 10-5 mol/L.

We must first convert the amount of nitrate(V) ions in drinking water to moles per litre since the threshold concentration over which "Blue-Baby" Syndrome might manifest is 0.05 mg/cm3.

It is necessary to know the molar mass of nitrate(V) ions in order to convert from mg/cm3 to moles per litre (NO3-).

The formula below can be used to determine NO3-'s molar mass:

N: 14.01 g/mol for the atomic mass

O: 16.00 g/mol is the atomic mass (3 oxygen atoms in NO3-)

NO3-'s total molar mass is equal to 14.01 + 16.00 x 3 = 62.01 g/mol.

Let's now translate the specified concentration from mg/cm3 to moles/liter (M).

As 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg/cm3 is 0.001 g/cm3.

1 cm3 = 0.001 g/mL multiplied by 0.001 g/cm3

1 L/1000 mL x 0.001 g/mL = 0.001 g/L

We must change the grams into moles using the molar mass in order to get the molarity:

1.61 × 10-5 mol/L = 0.001 g/L / 62.01 g/mol

As a result, a solution with nitrate(V) ion concentrations over 0.05 mg/cm3 has a molarity of around 1.61 x 10-5 mol/L.

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21.33 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ are required to produce 8 moles of PbCl₂.

Given information,

Moles of PbCl₂ = 8

The balanced chemical equation:

3 Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 AlCl₃ → 3 PbCl₂ + 2 Al(NO₃)₃

The stoichiometric ratio between Pb(NO₃)₂ and PbCl₂ is 3:3, which means that for every 3 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂, 3 moles of PbCl₂ are produced.

(3 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ / 3 moles of PbCl₂) = (x moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ / 8 moles of PbCl₂)

1 mole of Pb(NO₃)₂ = (8 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ / 3 moles of PbCl₂) × 8 moles of PbCl₂

1 mole of Pb(NO₃)₂ = (8/3) × 8 = 64/3 ≈ 21.33 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂

Therefore, approximately 21.33 moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ are required to produce 8 moles of PbCl₂.

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The equilibrium expression can be written as follows:

K = [CaCO₃] × [H₂]⁴

------------------

[CaO] × [CH₄] × [H₂O]²

In this equilibrium expression, the square brackets represent the concentrations of the species involved in the reaction, and the coefficients of the balanced equation indicate the stoichiometric coefficients of the corresponding species.

The concentration of a pure solid (CaCO₃ in this case) is not included in the equilibrium expression, as it remains constant throughout the reaction.

The equilibrium constant (K) represents the ratio of the product concentrations to the reactant concentrations at equilibrium, each raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric coefficients. The specific values of these concentrations depend on the initial conditions, and K remains constant as long as the temperature is unchanged.

It is important to note that the equilibrium constant expression is written based on the balanced chemical equation. The stoichiometric coefficients determine the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products, allowing us to express the equilibrium state quantitatively using the equilibrium expression.

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Based on the provided steps, we are conducting an experiment involving copper(II) sulfate solution and zinc powder. We are measuring the temperature change that occurs when zinc reacts with copper(II) sulfate.

Measurement:

Initial temperature (°C): This is the temperature of the copper(II) sulfate solution before adding zinc powder. Use a thermometer to measure and record this temperature.

Final temperature (°C): This is the highest temperature reached by the solution after adding the zinc powder and allowing the reaction to occur. Watch the thermometer for a couple of minutes and record the highest temperature observed.

Temperature change (°C): Calculate the difference between the initial and final temperatures. Subtract the initial temperature from the final temperature and record the result as the temperature change.

Follow the steps provided to carry out the experiment and record the corresponding measurements in the table. Make sure to use the pipette to transfer 10 milliliters of copper(II) sulfate solution to test tube 3, then add 0.25 grams of zinc powder to the test tube.

Monitor the temperature using a thermometer and record the initial and final temperatures accurately. Finally, calculate the temperature change by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature and record the value in the table.

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By analyzing the potential energy diagrams and calculating ΔH using bond energies, we can determine whether a reaction is exothermic (ΔH < 0) or endothermic (ΔH > 0).

To create potential energy diagrams for chemical reactions and determine the value of ΔH (the change in enthalpy) for each reaction, we need to understand the basic concepts and steps involved.

Potential Energy Diagram: A potential energy diagram is a graphical representation of the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The vertical axis represents the potential energy, while the horizontal axis represents the progress of the reaction.

Reactants and Products: Identify the reactants and products involved in each reaction. Assign them appropriate labels on the potential energy diagram.

Activation Energy: Determine the activation energy (Ea) for each reaction. It represents the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to occur. On the diagram, the reactants' energy level is typically higher than the products' energy level, with the activation energy peak in between.

Transition State: Locate the highest point on the potential energy diagram, which represents the transition state or activated complex. This point indicates the highest energy level during the reaction.

ΔH Determination: ΔH represents the difference in enthalpy between the reactants and products. It can be determined by examining the vertical distance between the reactants' energy level and the products' energy level on the potential energy diagram.

ΔH Calculation: ΔH can be calculated using the formula ΔH = Σ (bond energies of reactants) - Σ (bond energies of products). The bond energies are the energy required to break a particular bond or released when a bond is formed.

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Our cells obtain the molecules they need to function properly from various sources

One important source is our diet. When we eat food, our digestive system breaks it down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. These molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, are then transported to our cells, where they are used as fuel for energy production .

Additionally, our cells can synthesize some molecules on their own. Through processes like photosynthesis in plant cells or biochemical reactions in our body, cells can produce molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

In summary, cells acquire the molecules they require from the food we eat, as well as through their own synthesis, ensuring they have the necessary resources for proper functioning.

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Answer:

A functioning human body has molecules from food (glucose and amino acids) and molecules from air (oxygen) in its cells.

The balanced chemical equation indicates that a precipitate of iron (II) carbonate is formed during the reaction, while sodium nitrate remains dissolved in the aqueous phase

The chemical equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and iron (II) nitrate can be represented as follows:

Na2CO3(aq) + Fe(NO3)2(aq) -> 2NaNO3(aq) + FeCO3(s)

In this equation, Na2CO3 represents sodium carbonate, Fe(NO3)2 represents iron (II) nitrate, NaNO3 represents sodium nitrate, and FeCO3 represents iron (II) carbonate.When sodium carbonate and iron (II) nitrate are mixed together in an aqueous solution, a double displacement reaction occurs. The sodium ions (Na+) from sodium carbonate react with the nitrate ions (NO3-) from iron (II) nitrate, resulting in the formation of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in the aqueous phase. Simultaneously, the iron (II) ions (Fe2+) from iron (II) nitrate react with the carbonate ions (CO3^2-) from sodium carbonate, leading to the formation of iron (II) carbonate (FeCO3) as a solid precipitate.

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The standard enthalpy change for the reaction 2A+B⇌2C+2D is  664 kJ/mol and The heat that is absorbed when 3.70 mol of A reacts is 2456.8  J

The heat changes that take place as reactants combine to generate a product are measured by the enthalpy of a reaction.

The following formula can be used to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction:

Hess's law states that

Enthalpy of reaction =  product's enthalpy - the reactant's enthalpy.

Considering the given reaction: 2A + B ⇌ 2C + 2D  

Enthalpy of reaction =  product's enthalpy - the reactant's enthalpy.

Enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°f) = (2 C + 2 D) - (2 * A + B)

Enthalpy of reaction  (ΔH°f)  = {[2(223) + 2(-523)] - [2(-245) + 2(-387)]}

Enthalpy of reaction  (ΔH°f)  = 664 kJ/mol

ΔH = q ÷ n

ΔH = molar enthalpy (heat) of solution

q = amount of energy (heat) released or absorbed

n = moles of solute

so. q = ΔH xn

q = ΔH xn

q = 664 kJ/mol x 3.70 mol

Q= 2456.8  J

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The enthalpy of fusion of sodium acetate is approximately -93.64 J/g.

To calculate the enthalpy of fusion (ΔH) of sodium acetate, we can use the principle of energy conservation. The heat lost by the hand warmer during the crystallization process is equal to the heat gained by the water in the calorimeter.

First, let's calculate the heat gained by the water in the calorimeter using the formula q = m × c × ΔT, where q is the heat gained or lost, m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

q_water = m_water × c_water × ΔT_water

Given:

m_water = 600 g

c_water = 4.18 J/g-°C

ΔT_water = 36.4°C - 25°C = 11.4°C

q_water = 600 g × 4.18 J/g-°C × 11.4°C

q_water = 28092 J

Since the heat lost by the hand warmer during crystallization is equal to the heat gained by the water, we can write:

q_water = q_handwarmer

Now, let's calculate the heat lost by the hand warmer using the same formula:

q_handwarmer = m_handwarmer × c_handwarmer × ΔT_handwarmer

Given:

m_handwarmer = 300 g

c_handwarmer = unknown (specific heat capacity of sodium acetate)

ΔT_handwarmer = 36.4°C - initial temperature of sodium acetate

Since the sodium acetate undergoes crystallization, its temperature remains constant during this phase change. The temperature at which crystallization occurs is known as the freezing point of sodium acetate, which is approximately 58°C. Therefore:

ΔT_handwarmer = 36.4°C - 58°C = -21.6°C

Now, we can substitute the known values into the equation:

q_water = q_handwarmer

28092 J = 300 g × c_handwarmer × -21.6°C

To solve for c_handwarmer, we rearrange the equation:

c_handwarmer = -28092 J / (300 g × -21.6°C)

c_handwarmer ≈ 5.47 J/g-°C

The specific heat capacity of sodium acetate (c_handwarmer) is approximately 5.47 J/g-°C.

The enthalpy of fusion (ΔH) can be calculated using the equation ΔH = q_handwarmer / m_handwarmer:

ΔH = -28092 J / 300 g

ΔH ≈ -93.64 J/g

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The number of moles of AgCl formed during the reaction is 0.0125 mol.

Given the reaction:2AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 2Ag Cl(s) + Mg (NO3)2(aq)We are supposed to determine the moles of solid AgCl formed when 50.0 ml of 0.250 M AgNO3 reacts with excess MgCl2 and in the previous step, we found that 0.0125 mol of AgNO3 reacts.

We can use the stoichiometry method to find the moles of AgCl formed.

To do so, we will have to balance the given chemical equation and find out the number of moles of AgCl formed from the given reactants.

The balanced chemical equation is:2AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 2Ag Cl(s) + Mg (NO3)2(aq)From the equation, we can say that 2 moles of AgCl form from 2 moles of AgNO3 reacted.

In the previous step, we have found the number of moles of AgNO3 reacted, which is 0.0125 mol.

As per the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of AgCl form from 2 moles of AgNO3 reacted.

Therefore, the number of moles of AgCl formed = (0.0125 mol AgNO3 reacted × 2 moles AgCl / 2 moles AgNO3) = 0.0125 mol AgCl.

The number of moles of AgCl formed during the reaction is 0.0125 mol.

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If all the pumped water had remained in the cave system, approximately 71.43% of the cave would have been filled with water.

To calculate the percentage of the Thanksgiving Luang cave system that would have been filled with water if all the pumped water had remained, we need to find the ratio of the volume of water to the total volume of the cave system.Given that the cave system is estimated to be 35 million cubic meters large and 250 million liters of water were pumped out, we need to convert liters to cubic meters. Since 1 liter is equal to 0.001 cubic meters, the pumped water volume in cubic meters is 250 million multiplied by 0.001, which is 250,000 cubic meters.To find the percentage, we divide the volume of water (250,000 cubic meters) by the total volume of the cave system (35 million cubic meters) and multiply by 100.

Percentage = (Volume of water / Total volume of cave system) x 100

          = (250,000 / 35,000,000) x 100

          ≈ 0.7143 x 100

          ≈ 71.43%

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Answer:

1.2046*10^24 molecules

Answer:

1.506×1023 molecules

Explanation:

How many atoms and molecules of sulphur are present in 64.0 g of sulphur (S8)? ∴ 64 g of sulphur will contain=6.022×1023×64256=1.506×1023 molecules.

We gain oxygen from trees through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the biochemical process in which green plants, including trees, use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose (a form of sugar).

Trees have specialized cells called chloroplasts, which contain a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy.

The tree's leaves capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and water (H2O) from the roots into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).

During photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts helps to split water molecules into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen atoms (O). The oxygen atoms then combine to form O2 molecules.

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere through tiny pores called stomata found on the surface of the tree's leaves. From there, it mixes with the surrounding air and becomes available for us to breathe.

In summary, trees produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. They play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, providing us with the oxygen we need for respiration.

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Explanation:

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Rounding to the appropriate number of significant figures, the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction is approximately 1.66.

To calculate the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the given reaction, we can use the formula:

Kc = ([H2]^3 * [N2]) / [NH3]^2

Plugging in the given equilibrium concentrations, we have:

Kc = (0.470^3 * 0.800) / (0.250^2)

Calculating the numerator:

(0.470^3 * 0.800) = 0.1037032

Calculating the denominator:

(0.250^2) = 0.0625

Now, dividing the numerator by the denominator:

Kc = 0.1037032 / 0.0625 = 1.6592512

The equilibrium constant represents the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium. In this case, the equilibrium constant is greater than 1, indicating that the products (H2 and N2) are favored at equilibrium. This means that the forward reaction is favored, leading to the formation of more products compared to reactants.The equilibrium constant value of 1.66 suggests that the forward reaction is moderately favored at equilibrium, but without additional context, it is difficult to determine the extent of the reaction or the relative concentrations of reactants and products at the beginning of the reaction.

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Four Hydrogen atoms are present in the molecule (Furan) shown below.

Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound with a five-membered ring containing four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It has the chemical formula C4H4O. Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid with a distinctive aromatic odor. Coal tar and organic material burning make it.

Furan is utilised in resins, polymers, and solvents. Furan is poisonous and carcinogenic, hence its use and exposure must be carefully controlled.

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A weak acid (or base) and its corresponding conjugate base (or acid) make up a buffer solution. If only a modest amount of base or acid is supplied, it can withstand pH fluctuations. pH of the solution is 3.48 .

Thus, The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to express the pH of a buffer solution.

The pH scale gauges a substance's acidity or basicity. The pH scale has numbers 0 through 14. Seven is the neutral pH. Acidic conditions have a pH under 7. More than 7 pH is considered basic.

Each whole pH number below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value since the pH scale is logarithmic. For instance, pH 4 is 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than pH 6, while pH 5 is ten times (10 times) more acidic than pH 4.

Thus, A weak acid (or base) and its corresponding conjugate base (or acid) make up a buffer solution. If only a modest amount of base or acid is supplied, it can withstand pH fluctuations. pH of the solution is 3.48 .

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1. The mass of sodium sulfate, Na₂SO₄ formed from the reaction is 131.13 g

2. The percentage yield obtained from the reaction is 93.3%

We shall begin by obtaining the limiting reactant. This obtained as follow

2NaOH + H₂SO₄ —> Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

80 g of NaOH reacted with 98 g of H₂SO₄

Therefore,

98.6 g of NaOH will react with = (98.6 × 98) / 80 = 120.785 g of H₂SO₄

Since a higher amount (i.e 120.785 g) of H₂SO₄ than what was given (i.e 80.5 g) is needed to react with 98.6 g of NaOH, thus, the limiting reactant is H₂SO₄

Finally, we shall determine mass of sodium sulfate, Na₂SO₄ formed. Details below:

2NaOH + H₂SO₄ —> Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

98 g of H₂SO₄ reacted to produce 142 g of Na₂SO₄

Therefore,

90.5 g of H₂SO₄ will react to produce = (90.5 × 142) / 98 = 131.13 g of Na₂SO₄

Thus, the mass of mass of sodium sulfate, Na₂SO₄ formed is 131.13 g

The percentage yield obtained can be obtained as follow:

Percentage yield = (Actual /Theoretical) × 100

Percentage yield = (122.4 / 131.13) × 100

Percentage yield = 93.3%

Thus, the percentage yield is 93.3%

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Approximately 3.98 liters of hydrogen gas will be produced when 3.2 grams of aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid.

To determine the volume of hydrogen gas produced when aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid, we first need to write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

2Al + 3H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of aluminum react with 3 moles of sulfuric acid to produce 3 moles of hydrogen gas. We need to convert the given mass of aluminum (3.2 grams) to moles. The molar mass of aluminum is 26.98 g/mol.

Moles of aluminum = 3.2 g / 26.98 g/mol ≈ 0.1186 mol

According to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, 2 moles of aluminum produce 3 moles of hydrogen gas. Therefore, the number of moles of hydrogen gas produced can be calculated as:

Moles of hydrogen gas = (0.1186 mol Al) x (3 mol H2 / 2 mol Al) = 0.1779 mol H2

Finally, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of hydrogen gas. Assuming the reaction is carried out at standard temperature and pressure (STP), where the temperature is 273 K and the pressure is 1 atm, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP, which is approximately 22.4 L/mol.

Volume of hydrogen gas = (0.1779 mol H2) x (22.4 L/mol) ≈ 3.98 L

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The electrons move from left to right through the circle labeled "M" to reach the cathode, where reduction takes place.

If oxidation occurs on the left side of the fuel cell and reduction occurs on the right side, the movement of electrons can be described as follows: Electrons move from left to right through the circle labeled "M."

In a fuel cell, the process of oxidation takes place at the anode (labeled A) where the fuel is oxidized, releasing electrons. These electrons then flow through the external electrical circuit, represented by the wire connecting objects A and B. The electrons reach the cathode (also labeled A) on the right side of the cell, where reduction occurs.The circle labeled "M" represents the membrane or electrolyte in the fuel cell. This membrane allows the transport of ions but blocks the movement of electrons. As a result, electrons cannot flow directly through the electrolyte but must travel through the external circuit.

This movement of electrons through the external circuit is what generates an electric current that can be used to power electrical devices or systems.

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There are 90.0 g of F are present in 185 g of CaF₂. In chemistry, a mole, usually spelled mol, is a common scientific measurement unit for significant amounts of extremely small objects like atoms, molecules, or other predetermined particles.

According to question, mass of CaF₂ = 185 g

It is required to calculate the moles of CaF₂

Moles of CaF₂ = 185 g / 78.074 g.mol-1

= 2.369 mole of CaF₂

Now find the moles of F from the moles of CaF₂

1 mole of CaF₂ = 2 moles of F

2.369 mole of CaF₂ = ?

= 4.74 moles of F

Now change the mole to gram of F

Mass of F = 4.74 moles of F × 18.998 g/mol

= 90.03 g of F

Thus, 90.0 g of F are in 185 g of CaF₂.

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Answer:

C) one magnesium and one oxygen

The volume (in liters) of hydrogen gas, H₂ that can be produced when 3.2 grams of aluminum (Al) reacts with sulfuric acid, is 4.0 liters

First, we shall determine the mole in 3.2 grams of aluminum (Al). Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of Al = 3.2 / 26.98

Mole of Al = 0.119 mole

Next, we shall determine the mole of of Hydrogen gas, H₂ produced from the reaction. Details below:

2Al + 3H₂SO₄ -> Al₂(SO₄)₂ + 3H₂

From the balanced equation above,

2 moles of Al reacted to produced 3 moles of H₂

Therefore,

0.119 mole of Al will react to produce = (0.119 × 3) / 2 = 0.1785 mole of H₂

Finally, we shall obtain the volume of hydrogen gas, H₂ produced Details below

At STP,

1 mole of H₂ = 22.4 Liters

Therefore,

0.1785 moles of H₂ = 0.1785 × 22.4

0.1785 moles of H₂ = 4.0 liters

Thus, we can conclude that the volume of hydrogen gas, H₂ produced is 4.0 liters

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